Optimized selection of participants in distributed data rebuild/verification

ABSTRACT

A distributed storage network method begins by determining an encoded data slice to rebuild, determining a storage set of distributed storage units associated with the encoded data slice to rebuild, determining an historical performance level of each distributed storage unit of the storage set of distributed storage units, determining an estimated performance level of each distributed storage unit of the storage set of distributed storage units, selecting at least a decode threshold number of distributed storage units of the storage set of distributed storage units to produce selected distributed storage units, determining an encoded data slice partial aggregation scheme for the selected distributed storage units, sending encoded data slice partial request messages to the selected distributed storage units, and receiving encoded data slice partial response messages and extracting encoded data slice partials from the encoded data slice partial response messages to rebuild or verify the encoded data slice.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present U.S. Utility Patent application claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 120, as a continuation-in-part of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 16/136,362, entitled “REMOTE STORAGE VERIFICATION,” filed Sep. 20, 2018, scheduled to issue as U.S. Pat. No. 10,802,915 on Oct. 13, 2020, which is a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 15/285,582, entitled “SHARED OWNERSHIP OF NAMESPACE RANGES,” filed Oct. 5, 2016, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 10,372,350 on Aug. 6, 2019, which claims priority a continuation-in-part (CIP) of U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/291,030, entitled “PARTITIONING DATA FOR STORAGE IN A DISPERSED STORAGE NETWORK,” filed Nov. 7, 2011, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,483,398 on Nov. 1, 2016, which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/417,873, entitled “DATA REBUILDING IN A DISPERSED STORAGE NETWORK,” filed Nov. 29, 2010, all of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

Not applicable.

INCORPORATION-BY-REFERENCE OF MATERIAL SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISC

Not applicable.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Technical Field of the Invention

This invention relates generally to computer networks and more particularly to dispersing error encoded data.

Description of Related Art

Computing devices are known to communicate data, process data, and/or store data. Such computing devices range from wireless smart phones, laptops, tablets, personal computers (PC), work stations, and video game devices, to data centers that support millions of web searches, stock trades, or on-line purchases every day. In general, a computing device includes a central processing unit (CPU), a memory system, user input/output interfaces, peripheral device interfaces, and an interconnecting bus structure.

As is further known, a computer may effectively extend its CPU by using “cloud computing” to perform one or more computing functions (e.g., a service, an application, an algorithm, an arithmetic logic function, etc.) on behalf of the computer. Further, for large services, applications, and/or functions, cloud computing may be performed by multiple cloud computing resources in a distributed manner to improve the response time for completion of the service, application, and/or function. For example, Hadoop is an open source software framework that supports distributed applications enabling application execution by thousands of computers.

In addition to cloud computing, a computer may use “cloud storage” as part of its memory system. As is known, cloud storage enables a user, via its computer, to store files, applications, etc. on an Internet storage system. The Internet storage system may include a RAID (redundant array of independent disks) system and/or a dispersed storage system that uses an error correction scheme to encode data for storage.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S)

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a dispersed or distributed storage network (DSN) in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computing core in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of an example of dispersed storage error encoding of data in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 4 is a schematic block diagram of a generic example of an error encoding function in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 5 is a schematic block diagram of a specific example of an error encoding function in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 6 is a schematic block diagram of an example of a slice name of an encoded data slice (EDS) in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of an example of dispersed storage error decoding of data in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 8 is a schematic block diagram of a generic example of an error decoding function in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a remote storage verification in accordance with the present invention;

FIG. 9A is a diagram illustrating another example of a remote storage verification in accordance with the present invention, and

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an example of selecting dispersed storage (DS) units in accordance with the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a dispersed, or distributed, storage network (DSN) 10 that includes a plurality of computing devices 12-16, a managing unit 18, an integrity processing unit 20, and a DSN memory 22. The components of the DSN 10 are coupled to a network 24, which may include one or more wireless and/or wire lined communication systems; one or more non-public intranet systems and/or public internet systems; and/or one or more local area networks (LAN) and/or wide area networks (WAN).

The DSN memory 22 includes a plurality of storage units 36 that may be located at geographically different sites (e.g., one in Chicago, one in Milwaukee, etc.), at a common site, or a combination thereof. For example, if the DSN memory 22 includes eight storage units 36, each storage unit is located at a different site. As another example, if the DSN memory 22 includes eight storage units 36, all eight storage units are located at the same site. As yet another example, if the DSN memory 22 includes eight storage units 36, a first pair of storage units are at a first common site, a second pair of storage units are at a second common site, a third pair of storage units are at a third common site, and a fourth pair of storage units are at a fourth common site. Note that a DSN memory 22 may include more or less than eight storage units 36. Further note that each storage unit 36 includes a computing core (as shown in FIG. 2, or components thereof) and a plurality of memory devices for storing dispersed error encoded data.

Each of the computing devices 12-16, the managing unit 18, and the integrity processing unit 20 include a computing core 26, which includes network interfaces 30-33. Computing devices 12-16 may each be a portable computing device and/or a fixed computing device. A portable computing device may be a social networking device, a gaming device, a cell phone, a smart phone, a digital assistant, a digital music player, a digital video player, a laptop computer, a handheld computer, a tablet, a video game controller, and/or any other portable device that includes a computing core. A fixed computing device may be a computer (PC), a computer server, a cable set-top box, a satellite receiver, a television set, a printer, a fax machine, home entertainment equipment, a video game console, and/or any type of home or office computing equipment. Note that each of the managing unit 18 and the integrity processing unit 20 may be separate computing devices, may be a common computing device, and/or may be integrated into one or more of the computing devices 12-16 and/or into one or more of the storage units 36.

Each interface 30, 32, and 33 includes software and hardware to support one or more communication links via the network 24 indirectly and/or directly. For example, interface 30 supports a communication link (e.g., wired, wireless, direct, via a LAN, via the network 24, etc.) between computing devices 14 and 16. As another example, interface 32 supports communication links (e.g., a wired connection, a wireless connection, a LAN connection, and/or any other type of connection to/from the network 24) between computing devices 12 & 16 and the DSN memory 22. As yet another example, interface 33 supports a communication link for each of the managing unit 18 and the integrity processing unit 20 to the network 24.

Computing devices 12 and 16 include a dispersed storage (DS) client module 34, which enables the computing device to dispersed storage error encode and decode data as subsequently described with reference to one or more of FIGS. 3-9A. In this example embodiment, computing device 16 functions as a dispersed storage processing agent for computing device 14. In this role, computing device 16 dispersed storage error encodes and decodes data on behalf of computing device 14. With the use of dispersed storage error encoding and decoding, the DSN 10 is tolerant of a significant number of storage unit failures (the number of failures is based on parameters of the dispersed storage error encoding function) without loss of data and without the need for a redundant or backup copies of the data. Further, the DSN 10 stores data for an indefinite period of time without data loss and in a secure manner (e.g., the system is very resistant to unauthorized attempts at accessing the data).

In operation, the managing unit 18 performs DS management services. For example, the managing unit 18 establishes distributed data storage parameters (e.g., vault creation, distributed storage parameters, security parameters, billing information, user profile information, etc.) for computing devices 12-14 individually or as part of a group of user devices. As a specific example, the managing unit 18 coordinates creation of a vault (e.g., a virtual memory block associated with a portion of an overall namespace of the DSN) within the DSTN memory 22 for a user device, a group of devices, or for public access and establishes per vault dispersed storage (DS) error encoding parameters for a vault. The managing unit 18 facilitates storage of DS error encoding parameters for each vault by updating registry information of the DSN 10, where the registry information may be stored in the DSN memory 22, a computing device 12-16, the managing unit 18, and/or the integrity processing unit 20.

The DSN managing unit 18 creates and stores user profile information (e.g., an access control list (ACL)) in local memory and/or within memory of the DSN memory 22. The user profile information includes authentication information, permissions, and/or the security parameters. The security parameters may include encryption/decryption scheme, one or more encryption keys, key generation scheme, and/or data encoding/decoding scheme.

The DSN managing unit 18 creates billing information for a particular user, a user group, a vault access, public vault access, etc. For instance, the DSTN managing unit 18 tracks the number of times a user accesses a non-public vault and/or public vaults, which can be used to generate per-access billing information. In another instance, the DSTN managing unit 18 tracks the amount of data stored and/or retrieved by a user device and/or a user group, which can be used to generate per-data-amount billing information.

As another example, the managing unit 18 performs network operations, network administration, and/or network maintenance. Network operations includes authenticating user data allocation requests (e.g., read and/or write requests), managing creation of vaults, establishing authentication credentials for user devices, adding/deleting components (e.g., user devices, storage units, and/or computing devices with a DS client module 34) to/from the DSN 10, and/or establishing authentication credentials for the storage units 36. Network administration includes monitoring devices and/or units for failures, maintaining vault information, determining device and/or unit activation status, determining device and/or unit loading, and/or determining any other system level operation that affects the performance level of the DSN 10. Network maintenance includes facilitating replacing, upgrading, repairing, and/or expanding a device and/or unit of the DSN 10.

The integrity processing unit 20 performs rebuilding of ‘bad’ or missing encoded data slices. At a high level, the integrity processing unit 20 performs rebuilding by periodically attempting to retrieve/list encoded data slices, and/or slice names of the encoded data slices, from the DSN memory 22. For retrieved encoded slices, they are checked for errors due to data corruption, outdated version, etc. If a slice includes an error, it is flagged as a ‘bad’ slice. For encoded data slices that were not received and/or not listed, they are flagged as missing slices. Bad and/or missing slices are subsequently rebuilt using other retrieved encoded data slices that are deemed to be good slices to produce rebuilt slices. The rebuilt slices are stored in the DSN memory 22.

FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram of an embodiment of a computing core 26 that includes a processing module 50, a memory controller 52, main memory 54, a video graphics processing unit 55, an input/output (IO) controller 56, a peripheral component interconnect (PCI) interface 58, an IO interface module 60, at least one IO device interface module 62, a read only memory (ROM) basic input output system (BIOS) 64, and one or more memory interface modules. The one or more memory interface module(s) includes one or more of a universal serial bus (USB) interface module 66, a host bus adapter (HBA) interface module 68, a network interface module 70, a flash interface module 72, a hard drive interface module 74, and a DSN interface module 76.

The DSN interface module 76 functions to mimic a conventional operating system (OS) file system interface (e.g., network file system (NFS), flash file system (FFS), disk file system (DFS), file transfer protocol (FTP), web-based distributed authoring and versioning (WebDAV), etc.) and/or a block memory interface (e.g., small computer system interface (SCSI), internet small computer system interface (iSCSI), etc.). The DSN interface module 76 and/or the network interface module 70 may function as one or more of the interface 30-33 of FIG. 1. Note that the IO device interface module 62 and/or the memory interface modules 66-76 may be collectively or individually referred to as IO ports.

FIG. 3 is a schematic block diagram of an example of dispersed storage error encoding of data. When a computing device 12 or 16 has data to store it disperse storage error encodes the data in accordance with a dispersed storage error encoding process based on dispersed storage error encoding parameters. The dispersed storage error encoding parameters include an encoding function (e.g., information dispersal algorithm, Reed-Solomon, Cauchy Reed-Solomon, systematic encoding, non-systematic encoding, on-line codes, etc.), a data segmenting protocol (e.g., data segment size, fixed, variable, etc.), and per data segment encoding values. The per data segment encoding values include a total, or pillar width, number (T) of encoded data slices per encoding of a data segment i.e., in a set of encoded data slices); a decode threshold number (D) of encoded data slices of a set of encoded data slices that are needed to recover the data segment; a read threshold number (R) of encoded data slices to indicate a number of encoded data slices per set to be read from storage for decoding of the data segment; and/or a write threshold number (W) to indicate a number of encoded data slices per set that must be accurately stored before the encoded data segment is deemed to have been properly stored. The dispersed storage error encoding parameters may further include slicing information (e.g., the number of encoded data slices that will be created for each data segment) and/or slice security information (e.g., per encoded data slice encryption, compression, integrity checksum, etc.).

In the present example, Cauchy Reed-Solomon has been selected as the encoding function (a generic example is shown in FIG. 4 and a specific example is shown in FIG. 5); the data segmenting protocol is to divide the data object into fixed sized data segments; and the per data segment encoding values include: a pillar width of 5, a decode threshold of 3, a read threshold of 4, and a write threshold of 4. In accordance with the data segmenting protocol, the computing device 12 or 16 divides the data (e.g., a file (e.g., text, video, audio, etc.), a data object, or other data arrangement) into a plurality of fixed sized data segments (e.g., 1 through Y of a fixed size in range of Kilo-bytes to Tera-bytes or more). The number of data segments created is dependent of the size of the data and the data segmenting protocol.

The computing device 12 or 16 then disperse storage error encodes a data segment using the selected encoding function (e.g., Cauchy Reed-Solomon) to produce a set of encoded data slices. FIG. 4 illustrates a generic Cauchy Reed-Solomon encoding function, which includes an encoding matrix (EM), a data matrix (DM), and a coded matrix (CM). The size of the encoding matrix (EM) is dependent on the pillar width number (T) and the decode threshold number (D) of selected per data segment encoding values. To produce the data matrix (DM), the data segment is divided into a plurality of data blocks and the data blocks are arranged into D number of rows with Z data blocks per row. Note that Z is a function of the number of data blocks created from the data segment and the decode threshold number (D). The coded matrix is produced by matrix multiplying the data matrix by the encoding matrix.

FIG. 5 illustrates a specific example of Cauchy Reed-Solomon encoding with a pillar number (T) of five and decode threshold number of three. In this example, a first data segment is divided into twelve data blocks (D1-D12). The coded matrix includes five rows of coded data blocks, where the first row of X11-X14 corresponds to a first encoded data slice (EDS 1_1), the second row of X21-X24 corresponds to a second encoded data slice (EDS 2_1), the third row of X31-X34 corresponds to a third encoded data slice (EDS 3_1), the fourth row of X41-X44 corresponds to a fourth encoded data slice (EDS 4_1), and the fifth row of X51-X54 corresponds to a fifth encoded data slice (EDS 5_1). Note that the second number of the EDS designation corresponds to the data segment number.

Returning to the discussion of FIG. 3, the computing device also creates a slice name (SN) for each encoded data slice (EDS) in the set of encoded data slices. A typical format for a slice name 60 is shown in FIG. 6. As shown, the slice name (SN) 60 includes a pillar number of the encoded data slice (e.g., one of 1-T), a data segment number (e.g., one of 1-Y), a vault identifier (ID), a data object identifier (ID), and may further include revision level information of the encoded data slices. The slice name functions as, at least part of, a DSN address for the encoded data slice for storage and retrieval from the DSN memory 22.

As a result of encoding, the computing device 12 or 16 produces a plurality of sets of encoded data slices, which are provided with their respective slice names to the storage units for storage. As shown, the first set of encoded data slices includes EDS 1_1 through EDS 5_1 and the first set of slice names includes SN 1_1 through SN 5_1 and the last set of encoded data slices includes EDS 1_Y through EDS 5_Y and the last set of slice names includes SN 1_Y through SN 5_Y.

FIG. 7 is a schematic block diagram of an example of dispersed storage error decoding of a data object that was dispersed storage error encoded and stored in the example of FIG. 4. In this example, the computing device 12 or 16 retrieves from the storage units at least the decode threshold number of encoded data slices per data segment. As a specific example, the computing device retrieves a read threshold number of encoded data slices.

To recover a data segment from a decode threshold number of encoded data slices, the computing device uses a decoding function as shown in FIG. 8. As shown, the decoding function is essentially an inverse of the encoding function of FIG. 4. The coded matrix includes a decode threshold number of rows (e.g., three in this example) and the decoding matrix in an inversion of the encoding matrix that includes the corresponding rows of the coded matrix. For example, if the coded matrix includes rows 1, 2, and 4, the encoding matrix is reduced to rows 1, 2, and 4, and then inverted to produce the decoding matrix.

FIG. 9 is a schematic block diagram of remote storage verification. As previously discussed, DSN memory 22 (1-N) has one or more associated integrity processing units 20 (shown as DS processing units 1-N) that perform rebuilding of ‘bad’ or missing encoded data slices stored in DS units 1-n (e.g., storage units 36). At a high level, the integrity processing unit 20 performs rebuilding by periodically attempting to retrieve/list encoded data slices, and/or slice names of the encoded data slices, from the DSN memory 22. For retrieved encoded slices, they are checked for errors due to data corruption, outdated version, etc. Integrity processing unit 20 may be implemented as separate DS processing units (1-N) as shown or as part of the dispersed storage (DS) units (1-n). A processing module (e.g., 50) of a DS processing unit determines a slice name of an encoded data slice to verify. Such a determination may be based on one or more of an error message, a request, a next slice name in a test list, a random slice name, a slice name associated with a local DS unit, or a rebuild slice process conclusion indicator. For example, a processing module determines to verify the encoded data slice of the slice name when the encoded data slice has been rebuilt.

The processing module obtains the encoded data slice and compresses the encoded data slice to produce a compressed encoded data slice. Such obtaining may be based on one or more of retrieving the encoded data slice from a local memory, receiving the encoded data slice in response to sending a slice request message to a DS unit, or receiving the encoded data slice from a DS processing unit. Such compressing may include determining compression information and compressing the encoded data slice in accordance with the compression information. Such compression information may include one or more of a compression algorithm identifier (ID), a portion indicator, or a number of bits indicator. Such determining of the compression information may be based on one or more of a lookup, a request, a command, or a data type. Such compressing may include selecting a portion of the encoded data slice that includes all the bits of the encoded data slice, less than all of the bits of the encoded data slice, a random portion of the bits of the encoded data slice, or a predetermined portion of the bits of the encoded data slice.

The processing module determines a storage set of DS units associated with the slice name. Such a determination may be based on one or more of generating all slice names of all pillars associated with the slice name, a virtual dispersed storage network (DSN) to physical location table lookup, a predetermination, a message, or a command. The processing module sends compressed encoded data slice partial request messages to the storage set of DS units. Note that the processing module may not send a compressed encoded data slice partial request message to a DS unit affiliated with the slice name (e.g., a current DS unit). Such a request may include one or more of a slice name corresponding to an encoded data slice affiliated with a recipient DS unit of the stored set of DS units, the compression information, a recipient DS unit ID, an initiator DS unit ID, or the slice name.

The processing module receives at least a decode threshold number of compressed encoded data slice partial response messages to produce compressed encoded data slice partials. Such response messages may include one or more of a slice name corresponding to the encoded data slice associated with a DS unit of the response, the compression information, or a compressed encoded data slice partial associated with the DS unit of the response. Note that the compressed encoded data slice partial is with reference to the encoded data slice and the encoded data slice associated with the DS unit of the response.

The processing module determines whether a sum (e.g., finite field math utilizing an XOR logical function) of the compressed encoded data slice partials compares favorably to the compressed encoded data slice. The processing module determines that the comparison is favorable when the sum of the compressed encoded data slice partials is substantially the same as the compressed encoded data slice. If the processing module determines that the comparison is favorable, the processing module indicates a passed test. Such a passed test indication may include one or more of sending a passed test message, marking a list, or initiating another verification process.

The processing module indicates a failed test when the processing module determines that the comparison is not favorable. The processing module indicates a failed test when the processing module determines that the sum of the compressed encoded data slice partials does not compare favorably to the compressed encoded data slice. Such a failed test indication may include one or more of sending a failed test message, marking a list, facilitating rebuilding of the encoded data slice, or initiating another verification process.

FIG. 9A is a flowchart illustrating an example of verifying encoded data slices. In particular, a method is presented for use in conjunction with one or more functions and features described in conjunction with FIGS. 1-2, 3-8, and also FIG. 9.

A method begins with step 910 where a processing module (e.g., of a dispersed storage (DS) unit) determines a slice name of an encoded data slice to verify. Such a determination may be based on one or more of an error message, a request, a next slice name in a test list, a random slice name, a slice name associated with a local DS unit, or a rebuild slice process conclusion indicator. For example, a processing module determines to verify the encoded data slice of the slice name when the encoded data slice has been rebuilt.

The method continues at step 912 where the processing module obtains the encoded data slice and compresses the encoded data slice to produce a compressed encoded data slice. Such obtaining may be based on one or more of retrieving the encoded data slice from a local memory, receiving the encoded data slice in response to sending a slice request message to a DS unit, or receiving the encoded data slice from a DS processing unit. Such compressing may include determining compression information and compressing the encoded data slice in accordance with the compression information. Such compression information may include one or more of a compression algorithm identifier (ID), a portion indicator, or a number of bits indicator. Such determining of the compression information may be based on one or more of a lookup, a request, a command, or a data type. Such compressing may include selecting a portion of the encoded data slice that includes all the bits of the encoded data slice, less than all of the bits of the encoded data slice, a random portion of the bits of the encoded data slice, or a predetermined portion of the bits of the encoded data slice. Examples of compression functions include various combinations of applying XOR to the data, a multiplication, a division, a polynomial division, a carry less multiply, a Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRC), or other equivalent functions. Linearity of the compression function is required in order for the addition (the summing) to provide optimum results.

The method continues at step 914 where the processing module determines a storage set of DS units associated with the slice name. Such a determination may be based on one or more of generating all slice names of all pillars associated with the slice name, a virtual dispersed storage network (DSN) to physical location table lookup, a predetermination, a message, or a command.

The method continues at step 916 where the processing module sends compressed encoded data slice partial request messages to the storage set of DS units. Note that the processing module may not send a compressed encoded data slice partial request message to a DS unit affiliated with the slice name (e.g., a current DS unit). Such a request may include one or more of a slice name corresponding to an encoded data slice affiliated with a recipient DS unit of the stored set of DS units, the compression information, a recipient DS unit ID, an initiator DS unit ID, or the slice name.

The method continues at step 918 where the processing module receives at least a decode threshold number of compressed encoded data slice partial response messages to produce compressed encoded data slice partials. Such response messages may include one or more of a slice name corresponding to the encoded data slice associated with a DS unit of the response, the compression information, or a compressed encoded data slice partial associated with the DS unit of the response. Note that the compressed encoded data slice partial is with reference to the encoded data slice and the encoded data slice associated with the DS unit of the response.

The method continues at step 920 where the processing module determines whether a sum (e.g., finite field math utilizing an XOR logical function) of the compressed encoded data slice partials compares favorably to the compressed encoded data slice. The sum (addition) can take various forms, depending on an erasure code. For example, it could be arithmetic addition, modular addition, an XOR, a carry-less addition, etc. The main idea is that the addition needs to be of the same type used in the definition of the erasure code. In an erasure code described herein, addition is defined as the XOR operation, so the summing step requires applying XOR to combine the partials computed over the compressed slices.

The processing module determines that the comparison is favorable when the sum of the compressed encoded data slice partials is substantially the same as the compressed encoded data slice. The method branches to step 922 where the processing module indicates a failed test when the processing module determines that the comparison is not favorable. The method continues to step 924 when the processing module determines that the comparison is favorable. In step 924, the processing module indicates a passed test. Such a passed test indication may include one or more of sending a passed test message, marking a list, or initiating another verification process. In addition, the method may repeat back to step 910 where the processing module determines the slice name of the encoded data sliced to verify for another slice name. The method continues at step 922 where the processing module indicates a failed test when the processing module determines that the sum of the compressed encoded data slice partials does not compare favorably to the compressed encoded data slice. Such a failed test indication may include one or more of sending a failed test message, marking a list, facilitating rebuilding of the encoded data slice, or initiating another verification process. In addition, the method may repeat back to step 910 where the processing module determines the slice name of the encoded data sliced to verify for another slice name. And finally, steps 910 and 912 could be performed beforehand and cached or be computed on the fly in response to the request (e.g., after step 916 and before step 918).

FIG. 10 is a flowchart illustrating an example of selecting dispersed/distributed storage (DS) units. A method begins with a step 1002 where a processing module determines an encoded data slice to rebuild or verify (e.g., by name). Such a determination may be based on one or more of a slice error indicator, an error message, a request, a next slice name in a list of slices to test, a random slice name, a slice name associated with a local DS unit, or a slice rebuild indicator. For example, the processing module determines the slice based on the rebuild indicator subsequent to an encoded data slice being rebuilt. In such an example, the processing module determines to verify the encoded data slice associated with the slice.

The method continues at step 1004 where the processing module determines a storage set of DS units associated with the slice.

The method continues with step 1006 where the processing module determines an historical performance level of each DS unit of the storage set of DS units. Such a determination may be based on one or more of retrieving a historical performance level record, a query, a test, a lookup, and a message. Note that dimensions of such performance may include one or more of access latency, excess bandwidth, reliability, availability, or cost.

The method continues with step 1008 where the processing module determines an estimated performance level of each DS unit of the storage set of DS units. Such a determination may be based on one or more of the historical performance level of each DS unit, an estimation guideline, a query, a test, a lookup, and a message. For example, processing module determines the estimated performance level of DS unit 2 (FIG. 9) based on the historical performance level of DS unit 2 for the last 30 days and the estimation guideline indicating that future estimated performance may be determined as an average of historical performance levels for the last 30 days.

The method continues at step 1010 where the processing module selects at least a decode threshold number of DS units of the storage set of DS units to produce selected DS units. Such a selection may be based on one or more of system topology information (e.g., sites, number of DS units per site, site locations, etc.), the historical performance level, the estimated performance level, a performance goal, and a selection approach indicator (e.g., select as many DS units co-located with a present DS unit as possible, select the issuance of a remote site with a maximum number of DS units). For example, the processing module selects three DS units (e.g., DS units 2-4) co-located with the present DS unit 1 (e.g., where the encoded data slice is stored), all four DS units (e.g., DS units 5-8 located at a second site, and DS unit 9 located at a third site in accordance with the selection approach indicator when the decode threshold is 8 and all the selected DS units are included in the storage set of DS units.

The method continues at step 1012 where the processing module determines an encoded data slice partial aggregation scheme for the selected DS units. Such a scheme may include which DS units compute their encoded data slice partial, which DS units aggregate their encoded data slice partial with encoded data slice partials from which other DS units to produce aggregated encoded data slice partials, and which DS units are to be recipients of the aggregated encoded data slice partials. Such a determination may be based on one or more of the selected DS units, the system topology information, a DS unit capability indicator, the historical performance level, the estimated performance level, a security goal, and a random issued selection per site. In a ring structure example, the processing module determines the encoded data slice partial aggregation scheme to include DS unit 9 sends its encoded data slice partial to DS unit 8, DS unit 8 receives encoded data slice partials from local DS units 5-7 and 9 and aggregates the encoded data slice partials from DS units 5-9 to produce an aggregated encoded data slice partial, DS unit 8 sends the aggregated encoded data slice partial to DS unit 1, DS unit 1 receives the aggregated encoded data slice partial from DS unit 8, DS unit 1 receives encoded data slice partials from local DS units 2-4, and DS unit 1 aggregates the encoded data slice partials from DS units 2-4 and the aggregated encoded data slice partial from DS unit 8 to produce the encoded data slice. In a star structure example, the processing module determines the encoded data slice partial aggregation scheme to include DS unit 9 sends its encoded data slice partial to DS unit 1, DS unit 8 receives encoded data slice partials from local DS units 5-7 and aggregates the encoded data slice partials from DS units 5-8 to produce an aggregated encoded data slice partial, DS unit 8 sends the aggregated encoded data slice partial to DS unit 1, DS unit 1 receives the aggregated encoded data slice partial from DS unit 8, DS unit 1 receives encoded data slice partials from local DS units 2-4, and DS unit 1 aggregates the encoded data slice partials from DS units 2-4 and 9 and the aggregated encoded data slice partial from DS unit 8 to produce the encoded data slice.

The method continues at step 1014 where the processing module sends encoded data slice partial request messages to the selected DS units. Such request messages may include one or more of the encoded data slice partial aggregation scheme, a slice name corresponding to an encoded data slice associated with the DS unit of associated with the request message, a recipient identifier (ID), and compression information (e.g., as previously discussed).

The method continues at step 1016 where the processing module receives encoded data slice partial response messages and extracts encoded data slice partials from the messages. Next, the processing module facilitates rebuilding or verifying the encoded data slice utilizing the encoded data slice partials as previously discussed.

The method described above in conjunction with the processing module can alternatively be performed by other modules of the dispersed storage network or by other computing devices. In addition, at least one memory section (e.g., a non-transitory computer readable storage medium) that stores operational instructions can, when executed by one or more processing modules of one or more computing devices of the dispersed storage network (DSN), cause the one or more computing devices to perform any or all of the method steps described above.

It is noted that terminologies as may be used herein such as bit stream, stream, signal sequence, etc. (or their equivalents) have been used interchangeably to describe digital information whose content corresponds to any of a number of desired types (e.g., data, video, speech, text, graphics, audio, etc. any of which may generally be referred to as ‘data’).

As may be used herein, the terms “substantially” and “approximately” provides an industry-accepted tolerance for its corresponding term and/or relativity between items. For some industries, an industry-accepted tolerance is less than one percent and, for other industries, the industry-accepted tolerance is 10 percent or more. Other examples of industry-accepted tolerance range from less than one percent to fifty percent. Industry-accepted tolerances correspond to, but are not limited to, component values, integrated circuit process variations, temperature variations, rise and fall times, thermal noise, dimensions, signaling errors, dropped packets, temperatures, pressures, material compositions, and/or performance metrics. Within an industry, tolerance variances of accepted tolerances may be more or less than a percentage level (e.g., dimension tolerance of less than +/−1%). Some relativity between items may range from a difference of less than a percentage level to a few percent. Other relativity between items may range from a difference of a few percent to magnitude of differences.

As may also be used herein, the term(s) “configured to”, “operably coupled to”, “coupled to”, and/or “coupling” includes direct coupling between items and/or indirect coupling between items via an intervening item (e.g., an item includes, but is not limited to, a component, an element, a circuit, and/or a module) where, for an example of indirect coupling, the intervening item does not modify the information of a signal but may adjust its current level, voltage level, and/or power level. As may further be used herein, inferred coupling (i.e., where one element is coupled to another element by inference) includes direct and indirect coupling between two items in the same manner as “coupled to”.

As may even further be used herein, the term “configured to”, “operable to”, “coupled to”, or “operably coupled to” indicates that an item includes one or more of power connections, input(s), output(s), etc., to perform, when activated, one or more its corresponding functions and may further include inferred coupling to one or more other items. As may still further be used herein, the term “associated with”, includes direct and/or indirect coupling of separate items and/or one item being embedded within another item.

As may be used herein, the term “compares favorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., provides a desired relationship. For example, when the desired relationship is that signal 1 has a greater magnitude than signal 2, a favorable comparison may be achieved when the magnitude of signal 1 is greater than that of signal 2 or when the magnitude of signal 2 is less than that of signal 1. As may be used herein, the term “compares unfavorably”, indicates that a comparison between two or more items, signals, etc., fails to provide the desired relationship.

As may be used herein, one or more claims may include, in a specific form of this generic form, the phrase “at least one of a, b, and c” or of this generic form “at least one of a, b, or c”, with more or less elements than “a”, “b”, and “c”. In either phrasing, the phrases are to be interpreted identically. In particular, “at least one of a, b, and c” is equivalent to “at least one of a, b, or c” and shall mean a, b, and/or c. As an example, it means: “a” only, “b” only, “c” only, “a” and “b”, “a” and “c”, “b” and “c”, and/or “a”, “b”, and “c”.

As may also be used herein, the terms “processing module”, “processing circuit”, “processor”, “processing circuitry”, and/or “processing unit” may be a single processing device or a plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor, microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on hard coding of the circuitry and/or operational instructions. The processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry, and/or processing unit may be, or further include, memory and/or an integrated memory element, which may be a single memory device, a plurality of memory devices, and/or embedded circuitry of another processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry, and/or processing unit. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry, and/or processing unit includes more than one processing device, the processing devices may be centrally located (e.g., directly coupled together via a wired and/or wireless bus structure) or may be distributedly located (e.g., cloud computing via indirect coupling via a local area network and/or a wide area network). Further note that if the processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry and/or processing unit implements one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory and/or memory element storing the corresponding operational instructions may be embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry. Still further note that, the memory element may store, and the processing module, module, processing circuit, processing circuitry and/or processing unit executes, hard coded and/or operational instructions corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions illustrated in one or more of the Figures. Such a memory device or memory element can be included in an article of manufacture.

One or more embodiments have been described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined so long as the specified functions and relationships are appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. Further, the boundaries of these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant functionality.

To the extent used, the flow diagram block boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the claims. One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by discrete components, application specific integrated circuits, processors executing appropriate software and the like or any combination thereof.

In addition, a flow diagram may include a “start” and/or “continue” indication. The “start” and “continue” indications reflect that the steps presented can optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used in conjunction with one or more other routines. In addition, a flow diagram may include an “end” and/or “continue” indication. The “end” and/or “continue” indications reflect that the steps presented can end as described and shown or optionally be incorporated in or otherwise used in conjunction with one or more other routines. In this context, “start” indicates the beginning of the first step presented and may be preceded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, the “continue” indication reflects that the steps presented may be performed multiple times and/or may be succeeded by other activities not specifically shown. Further, while a flow diagram indicates a particular ordering of steps, other orderings are likewise possible provided that the principles of causality are maintained.

The one or more embodiments are used herein to illustrate one or more aspects, one or more features, one or more concepts, and/or one or more examples. A physical embodiment of an apparatus, an article of manufacture, a machine, and/or of a process may include one or more of the aspects, features, concepts, examples, etc. described with reference to one or more of the embodiments discussed herein. Further, from figure to figure, the embodiments may incorporate the same or similarly named functions, steps, modules, etc. that may use the same or different reference numbers and, as such, the functions, steps, modules, etc. may be the same or similar functions, steps, modules, etc. or different ones.

Unless specifically stated to the contra, signals to, from, and/or between elements in a figure of any of the figures presented herein may be analog or digital, continuous time or discrete time, and single-ended or differential. For instance, if a signal path is shown as a single-ended path, it also represents a differential signal path. Similarly, if a signal path is shown as a differential path, it also represents a single-ended signal path. While one or more particular architectures are described herein, other architectures can likewise be implemented that use one or more data buses not expressly shown, direct connectivity between elements, and/or indirect coupling between other elements as recognized by one of average skill in the art.

The term “module” is used in the description of one or more of the embodiments. A module implements one or more functions via a device such as a processor or other processing device or other hardware that may include or operate in association with a memory that stores operational instructions. A module may operate independently and/or in conjunction with software and/or firmware. As also used herein, a module may contain one or more sub-modules, each of which may be one or more modules.

As may further be used herein, a computer readable memory includes one or more memory elements. A memory element may be a separate memory device, multiple memory devices, or a set of memory locations within a memory device. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile memory, non-volatile memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, cache memory, and/or any device that stores digital information. The memory device may be in a form a solid-state memory, a hard drive memory, cloud memory, thumb drive, server memory, computing device memory, and/or other physical medium for storing digital information.

While particular combinations of various functions and features of the one or more embodiments have been expressly described herein, other combinations of these features and functions are likewise possible. The present disclosure is not limited by the particular examples disclosed herein and expressly incorporates these other combinations. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of selecting distributed storage units, the method includes: determining an encoded data slice to rebuild; determining a storage set of distributed storage units associated with the encoded data slice to rebuild; determining an historical performance level of each distributed storage unit of the storage set of distributed storage units; determining an estimated performance level of each distributed storage unit of the storage set of distributed storage units; selecting at least a decode threshold number of distributed storage units of the storage set of distributed storage units to produce selected distributed storage units; determining an encoded data slice partial aggregation scheme for the selected distributed storage units; sending encoded data slice partial request messages to the selected distributed storage units; and receiving encoded data slice partial response messages and extracting encoded data slice partials from the encoded data slice partial response messages to rebuild the encoded data slice.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining an encoded data slice to rebuild is based on one or more of: a slice error indicator, an error message, a request, a next slice name in a list of slices to test, a random slice name, a slice name associated with a local DS unit, and a slice rebuild indicator.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining an encoded data slice to rebuild is based on a rebuild indicator subsequent to the encoded data slice being rebuilt.
 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the rebuild indicator is a verification of the encoded data slice.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining an historical performance level of each distributed storage unit of the storage set of distributed storage units is based on one or more of: retrieving a historical performance level record, a query, a test, a lookup, or a message.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the historical performance level is based on one or more of: access latency, excess bandwidth, reliability, availability, or cost.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining an estimated performance level of each distributed storage unit of the storage set of distributed storage units is based on one or more of: the historical performance level of each of the distributed storage units of the storage set of distributed storage units, an estimation guideline, a query, a test, a lookup, or a message.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the determining an estimated performance level is based on based on the historical performance level of the selected distributed storage units over a previous time period.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein the determining an estimated performance level is determined by averaging the historical performance level over the previous time period.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the selecting at least a decode threshold number of distributed storage units of the storage set of distributed storage units is based on one or more of: system topology information, the historical performance level, the estimated performance level, a performance goal, or a selection approach indicator.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein the system topology information includes one or more of: sites, number of distributed storage units per site, or site locations.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the selection approach indicator includes one or more of: selecting as many distributed storage units co-located with a present distributed storage unit as possible or selecting an issuance of a remote site with a maximum number of distributed storage units.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein the encoded data slice partial aggregation scheme for the selected distributed storage units includes: determining which distributed storage units compute their encoded data slice partial, which distributed storage units aggregate their encoded data slice partial with encoded data slice partials from which other distributed storage units to produce aggregated encoded data slice partials, and which of the distributed storage units are to be recipients of the aggregated encoded data slice partials.
 14. The method of claim 1 wherein the encoded data slice partial request messages include one or more of: the encoded data slice partial aggregation scheme, a slice name corresponding to the encoded data slice associated with the distributed storage unit associated with the encoded data slice partial request messages, a recipient identifier (ID), or compression information.
 15. The method of claim 1 further comprises facilitating rebuilding or verifying the encoded data slice utilizing the encoded data slice partials.
 16. A method of selecting distributed storage units to verify an encoded data slice, the method includes: determining an encoded data slice to verify; determining a storage set of distributed storage units associated with the encoded data slice to verify; determining an historical performance level of each distributed storage unit of the storage set of distributed storage units; determining an estimated performance level of each distributed storage unit of the storage set of distributed storage units; selecting at least a decode threshold number of distributed storage units of the storage set of distributed storage units to produce selected distributed storage units; determining an encoded data slice partial aggregation scheme for the selected distributed storage units; sending encoded data slice partial request messages to the selected distributed storage units; and receiving encoded data slice partial response messages and extracting encoded data slice partials from the encoded data slice partial response messages to verify the encoded data slice.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the encoded data slice partial aggregation scheme for the selected distributed storage units includes determining which distributed storage units compute their encoded data slice partial, which distributed storage units aggregate their encoded data slice partial with encoded data slice partials from which other distributed storage units to produce aggregated encoded data slice partials, and which distributed storage units are to be recipients of the aggregated encoded data slice partials.
 18. A distributed storage network (DSN) comprises: a first computing device with processing circuitry configured to execute operational instructions to: determine an encoded data slice to rebuild; determine a storage set of distributed storage units associated with the encoded data slice to rebuild; determine an historical performance level of each distributed storage unit of the storage set of distributed storage units; determine an estimated performance level of each distributed storage unit of the storage set of distributed storage units; select at least a decode threshold number of distributed storage units of the storage set of distributed storage units to produce selected distributed storage units; determine an encoded data slice partial aggregation scheme for the selected distributed storage units; send encoded data slice partial request messages to the selected distributed storage units; and receive encoded data slice partial response messages and extracting encoded data slice partials from the encoded data slice partial response messages to rebuild the encoded data slice.
 19. The distributed storage network (DSN) of claim 18 further comprises facilitating rebuilding the encoded data slice utilizing the encoded data slice partials.
 20. The distributed storage network (DSN) of claim 18 further comprises verifying the encoded data slice utilizing the encoded data slice partials. 